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Ohio Attorney General Approves Revised Language for Cannabis Legalization Measure

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Cannabis Business Times and Cannabis Dispensary have launched the Best Cannabis Companies To Work For—2022. The awards program will identify and recognize the best employers in cannabis cultivation and dispensary markets, continuing the recognition the media brands debuted two years ago.

Registration and recognition is free. Visit bestcompaniescannabis.com to apply. The registration deadline is Oct. 8.

A ranking of the “Best Cannabis Companies To Work For – 2022” in cultivation and retail will be revealed in Cannabis Business Times and Cannabis Dispensary in early 2022.

The survey is organized and managed by the Best Companies Group (BCG), an independent research firm specializing in identifying and recognizing great places to work.

“We are thrilled to continue this project for the third year and to not only recognize great cannabis companies, but also learn more about what makes certain cannabis companies so successful in creating positive work environments,” Editorial Director Noelle Skodzinski said. “Competition for talented employees is now even more intense, due in part to the economic pressures of the past year, and this program also can help ranking companies attract great talent.”  

Read more about the cultivation and dispensary businesses that ranked in the 2021 program and were featured in Cannabis Business Times and Cannabis Dispensary.

Here’s what you need to know to get involved:

Enter as either a Cultivation Operation or a Dispensary Operation (or both) and meet the following eligibility requirements:

• Have 50% or more of the business coming from either a Cannabis Cultivation Operation; or a Cannabis Dispensary.

• Be a publicly or privately held business

• Be a for-profit or not-for-profit business

• Be based in the U.S. or Canada

• Be legally licensed to cultivate or sell cannabis for medical and/or adult-use under a state regulatory framework (or federal program if in Canada)

• Have a minimum of 15 full-time or part-time employees working in the U.S. or Canada

• Be in business a minimum of one year

• Be willing to be featured in Cannabis Business Times and/or Cannabis Dispensary, if your company ranks on the Best Cannabis Companies to Work For lists.

Assessment Description

The process includes two surveys to gather detailed data about each participating company. BCG conducts the surveys, analyzes the data and determines the winners and rankings.

Part I – Employer Benefits & Policies Questionnaire: The employer completes an online survey, detailing company policies, practices, benefits and demographics.

Part II – Employee Engagement & Satisfaction Survey: Employees complete a survey of in-depth statements using a scale of five points ranging from “Agree Strongly” to “Disagree Strongly.” (Employee responses are provided only in aggregate; no individual employee responses are shared with employers.) The survey also includes seven demographic and two open-ended questions. It can be given online or by paper, if a full company employee email list is not available.

Participation in the “Best Cannabis Companies To Work For” survey and ranking is free, but management teams may request the full employee feedback report generated by the Best Companies Group process. The cost of that report is based on the number of employees working at the company.

A list of frequently asked questions may be found at bestcompaniescannabis.com, as well.

Colorado Department of Agriculture OKs 6 More Pesticides for Use on Cannabis

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RIVERSIDE, Calif., Aug. 13, 2021 – PRESS RELEASE – The former mayor of Adelanto was arrested Aug. 13 by special agents of the FBI on a federal grand jury indictment alleging he accepted more than $57,000 in bribes and kickbacks in exchange for approving ordinances authorizing various types of commercial cannabis activity within the city, and ensuring his co-schemers obtained city licenses or permits authorizing certain commercial cannabis activities.

Richard Allen Kerr, 64, of Adelanto, was taken into federal custody without incident. He is charged with seven counts of honest services wire fraud and two counts of bribery.

Kerr, who served as Adelanto’s mayor from 2014 to 2018, was expected to make his initial appearance at the U.S. District Court in Riverside the same day of his arrest.

According to the indictment returned on Aug. 11, as part of his official duties, Kerr voted on ordinances governing zoning regulations in the city and served on Adelanto’s Cannabis Dispensary Permit Committee, which determined the number of dispensary permits that would be issued and which applicants would receive them.

As mayor, Kerr supported cannabis legalization, voted in favor of an ordinance authorizing cannabis cultivation in the city, voted in favor of an ordinance authorizing the operation of medical cannabis dispensaries, and voted to authorize the distribution, transportation and testing of medical cannabis, among other commercial cannabis activities. At the same time, Kerr secretly used his official position to enrich himself and his co-schemers by passing these same ordinances, according to the indictment.

Kerr allegedly also drafted zones for commercial cannabis activities to include locations used by his co-schemers, and he ensured they obtained the licenses and permits they sought—in exchange for bribes, kickbacks and gifts.

Kerr’s alleged co-schemers were a lawyer who specialized in plaintiffs’ tort litigation—identified in the indictment as “Person A”—and two individuals—labeled “Person C” and “Person D”— who had business interests in the city, including those involving cannabis cultivation.

The bribes and kickbacks were allegedly disguised by Kerr and his co-schemers as gifts, donations to a charitable fund, donations to Kerr’s election campaign or advance payments for the proceeds of planned litigation associated with a motorcycle accident.

In exchange for the bribes and kickbacks, Kerr allegedly provided favorable official action on behalf of the city to Person A, Person C and other co-schemers with business interests in the city by authorizing various types of commercial cannabis activities, ensuring his supporters obtained the licenses or permits they sought, and interfering with enforcement activities by city officials.

For example, on Nov. 29, 2016, the Adelanto City Council held a public discussion related to an ordinance, including discussion of “overlay zones” within which medical cannabis dispensaries would be located. The initial proposal included two zones, neither of which included a former restaurant—purchased two months earlier by Person A and his spouse.

During the discussion, Kerr requested a change in the boundaries of the second overlay zone, which expanded the zone to include Person A’s business. The plans for the business initially called for the building to be an attorney’s office, although they included items such as “elongated sales counters,” a “dispensing room,” “cashier,” and “security room,” the indictment alleges.

On Dec. 5, 2016, Kerr deposited a $5,000 check—dated Nov. 29, 2016—from Person A’s real estate trust account into his bank account, and the check’s memorandum line read, “ADV XMAS FUND.”

In May 2017, Kerr voted twice in favor of a city ordinance that included Person A’s business in the cannabis dispensary overlay zone. In February, June and August of 2017, Kerr deposited three $10,000 checks from Person A’s law firm, with the memorandum lines of each check stating, “ADVANCE.”

In total, Kerr accepted at least $57,500 in alleged bribes and kickbacks from Person A, Person C and other co-schemers.

An indictment contains allegations that a defendant has committed a crime. Every defendant is presumed innocent until and unless proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.

If convicted of all charges, Kerr would face a statutory maximum sentence of 160 years in federal prison.

The FBI investigated this matter.

Assistant U.S. Attorney Sean D. Peterson of the Riverside Branch Office is prosecuting this case.

More Than 70% of New Jersey Municipalities Ban Adult-Use Cannabis Businesses

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RIVERSIDE, Calif., Aug. 13, 2021 – PRESS RELEASE – The former mayor of Adelanto was arrested Aug. 13 by special agents of the FBI on a federal grand jury indictment alleging he accepted more than $57,000 in bribes and kickbacks in exchange for approving ordinances authorizing various types of commercial cannabis activity within the city, and ensuring his co-schemers obtained city licenses or permits authorizing certain commercial cannabis activities.

Richard Allen Kerr, 64, of Adelanto, was taken into federal custody without incident. He is charged with seven counts of honest services wire fraud and two counts of bribery.

Kerr, who served as Adelanto’s mayor from 2014 to 2018, was expected to make his initial appearance at the U.S. District Court in Riverside the same day of his arrest.

According to the indictment returned on Aug. 11, as part of his official duties, Kerr voted on ordinances governing zoning regulations in the city and served on Adelanto’s Cannabis Dispensary Permit Committee, which determined the number of dispensary permits that would be issued and which applicants would receive them.

As mayor, Kerr supported cannabis legalization, voted in favor of an ordinance authorizing cannabis cultivation in the city, voted in favor of an ordinance authorizing the operation of medical cannabis dispensaries, and voted to authorize the distribution, transportation and testing of medical cannabis, among other commercial cannabis activities. At the same time, Kerr secretly used his official position to enrich himself and his co-schemers by passing these same ordinances, according to the indictment.

Kerr allegedly also drafted zones for commercial cannabis activities to include locations used by his co-schemers, and he ensured they obtained the licenses and permits they sought—in exchange for bribes, kickbacks and gifts.

Kerr’s alleged co-schemers were a lawyer who specialized in plaintiffs’ tort litigation—identified in the indictment as “Person A”—and two individuals—labeled “Person C” and “Person D”— who had business interests in the city, including those involving cannabis cultivation.

The bribes and kickbacks were allegedly disguised by Kerr and his co-schemers as gifts, donations to a charitable fund, donations to Kerr’s election campaign or advance payments for the proceeds of planned litigation associated with a motorcycle accident.

In exchange for the bribes and kickbacks, Kerr allegedly provided favorable official action on behalf of the city to Person A, Person C and other co-schemers with business interests in the city by authorizing various types of commercial cannabis activities, ensuring his supporters obtained the licenses or permits they sought, and interfering with enforcement activities by city officials.

For example, on Nov. 29, 2016, the Adelanto City Council held a public discussion related to an ordinance, including discussion of “overlay zones” within which medical cannabis dispensaries would be located. The initial proposal included two zones, neither of which included a former restaurant—purchased two months earlier by Person A and his spouse.

During the discussion, Kerr requested a change in the boundaries of the second overlay zone, which expanded the zone to include Person A’s business. The plans for the business initially called for the building to be an attorney’s office, although they included items such as “elongated sales counters,” a “dispensing room,” “cashier,” and “security room,” the indictment alleges.

On Dec. 5, 2016, Kerr deposited a $5,000 check—dated Nov. 29, 2016—from Person A’s real estate trust account into his bank account, and the check’s memorandum line read, “ADV XMAS FUND.”

In May 2017, Kerr voted twice in favor of a city ordinance that included Person A’s business in the cannabis dispensary overlay zone. In February, June and August of 2017, Kerr deposited three $10,000 checks from Person A’s law firm, with the memorandum lines of each check stating, “ADVANCE.”

In total, Kerr accepted at least $57,500 in alleged bribes and kickbacks from Person A, Person C and other co-schemers.

An indictment contains allegations that a defendant has committed a crime. Every defendant is presumed innocent until and unless proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.

If convicted of all charges, Kerr would face a statutory maximum sentence of 160 years in federal prison.

The FBI investigated this matter.

Assistant U.S. Attorney Sean D. Peterson of the Riverside Branch Office is prosecuting this case.

Register For The Best Cannabis Companies To Work For Awards Program

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Most months, Cannabis Business Times brings readers the feature “Cultivation Matters,” a recurring series focusing on plant cultivation by researchers from North Carolina State University that can steer growers toward successful operations.

Understanding micro- and macronutrients, for example, and their roles in helping plants grow properly to complete their lifecycles, equips cultivators with the knowledge to produce healthy plants with optimal yields.

Biological controls, plant oddities, plant physiology, nutrient lockout, fertility management, water quality and the like are explored and explained in this series. Well-versed cultivators who just need a refresher as well as less experienced growers who are just getting going can both benefit from findings to reduce their trial-and-error growing pains.

For in-depth analysis, findings and best practices, read the following “Cultivation Matters” articles previously published in Cannabis Business Times:

 

What To Do When Micronutrients Become Macro Problems (August 2021)

Plants require certain micro and macronutrients to thrive. Although plants do not need micronutrients in the same concentration as the meat-and-potatoes macronutrients, they are just as important for plant growth, development and biomass production.

Micronutrients iron (Fe), boron (B), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and molybdenum (Mo) are all essential to produce healthy plants. With the recommended rates of micronutrients being smaller in comparison to macronutrients (nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S)), it is easy for growers to overapply them. But just because plants require these essential elements in lesser amounts doesn’t mean an imbalance won’t have an outsize impact on crop health and yield.

Excess application of micronutrients can cause nutrient antagonism and imbalance, which limits nutrient concentration and uptake, meaning key elements are unavailable to plants. There is a specific range where micronutrient fertility is optimized, but not overapplied.

The entire article can be read here.

 

How Biological Controls Can Help You Tackle Aphid Issues (July 2021)

Biological control is a plant protection strategy used in different horticultural cropping systems that minimizes plant damage so that plants are marketable and/or there are no effects on yield.

Biological control involves releasing parasitoids, which will regulate insect and/or mite pest populations. The primary parasitoids and predators used in controlled environments are associated with aphid parasitoids and predatory mites.

Commercially available parasitoids can be purchased from biological control suppliers and then released to regulate insect or mite pest populations of cannabis crops.

The entire article can be read here.

 

How to Fight Cannabis Pests With Bugs (August 2021)

The following article is the second of a two-part series (first part is above) that describes commercially available parasitoids and predators, which can be purchased from biological control suppliers and then released to regulate insect or mite pest populations on cannabis crops. Here, we examine the predatory mites that attack fungus gnats, mites, thrips, and whiteflies. 

Predatory mite behavior needs to be understood before release because their ability to regulate specific insect or mite pests is primarily dependent on feeding habit, though plant volatiles (i.e. odors emitted by plants when fed upon by herbivores that may attract certain predatory mites such as Phytoseiulus persimilis) and dispersal can also affect regulation. Predatory mites are classified into three categories: Type I, II, and III, based on their food preferences and dispersal capabilities among and within plants.

The entire article can be read here.

 

Funky Stems: What Does Fasciation Mean for Your Cannabis Grow? (June 2021)

As plant scientists, we observe how plants grow and develop over time, and we are intrigued by variations or oddities that occur in growth. Recently, a seed-born cannabis plant in our greenhouse developed abnormal shoot growth with a flattened apical stem. Other cannabis growers have posted images online when they too discover an odd, flat stem.

We grew the plant for two months to observe the advancement of growth patterns. Over time, the shoot tip developed a mass of leaves growing out of the top. As the plant continued to grow, the deformed portion of the stem, which measured more than 3 centimeters across, enlarged and flattened.

This phenomenon is referred to as fasciation. So, what causes this fascinating, distorted growth?

The entire article can be read here.

 

Can Cannabis Benefit from Silicon? (May 2021)

Silicon (Si) has been touted as a miracle chemical by many. It is the second-most abundant element of the Earth’s crust, at 25.7% by weight. Much of the Si on Earth is tied up in silicate forms, such as quartz, that are unavailable for plant uptake.

Nevertheless, with natural weathering, abundant Si becomes available in the soil for plants. With Si being prevalent on Earth, it has become an important element for some plant species and can improve plant growth and prevent disease. That said, Si is classified as a beneficial element, not an essential one, because it is not required for the plant to complete its lifecycle.

The entire article can be read here.

Ideal Rates of Iron in Cannabis Cultivation Vary Depending on End Goal (April 2021)

When most people think of iron, it’s in the context of construction and manufacturing, and considerations focus more on quality and stress ratings. But iron plays a crucial role in both human and plant physiology. (The metallic taste in blood is from its iron content, as anyone who has bit their tongue will attest.) In the plant world, iron (Fe) is an important part of protein synthesis, chloroplast development, and the photosynthetic process of energy storage in cannabis.

In plants, Fe is an immobile element, meaning it cannot be moved (translocated) within the plant from older portions of the plant to satisfy the demand in newer developing plant portions. This is important information given that nutrient deficiency symptoms will be seen on the new and expanding leaves.

The entire article can be read here.

RELATED: Read our “Nutrient Matters” ebook, a collection of similar articles by these authors from North Carolina State University

 

What Are the Optimal Rates for Magnesium in Cannabis? (March 2021)

Macro- and micronutrients help plants grow properly, obtain optimal yields, and complete their lifecycle. Substantial quantities of the essential macronutrient magnesium (Mg) are necessary for proper plant growth and development.

In plants, Mg is a mobile element that is used in photosynthesis and protein synthesis. Therefore, Mg is often moved (translocated) in the plant from the older leaves to satisfy the demand in newer developing leaves that are often more photosynthetically active. Given Mg is the central atom of the chlorophyll molecule, which converts light energy into essential carbohydrates, Mg is directly related to optimal plant growth.

Cannabis is a determinate plant, which means that once flowering begins, the terminal growing tips develop into floral material. Mg will directly impact the size, quality, and yield of a plant, which will directly impact the grower’s bottom line.

The entire article can be read here.

 

How to Optimize Phosphorus Fertility for Cannabis (February 2021)

Plants, much like humans, require certain nutrients and minerals to thrive. These macro- and micronutrients help plants grow properly, obtain optimal yields and complete their lifecycle. Aside from nitrogen (N), phosphorus is perhaps the most important of the macronutrients. Phosphorus (P) is essential for energy storage and utilization, root development and growth, flower formation, and metabolic activities in cannabis.

In plants, P is a mobile element that is necessary for many key metabolic processes, in addition to cell elongation and root growth and development. Therefore, P can be moved (translocated) from older growth segments of plants to satisfy demand in newer, developing plant portions. This is important to note, given that nutrient deficiency symptoms will appear in older leaves as the plant moves P resources into the new and developing leaves and other sinks such as developing flower buds.

The entire article can be read here.

 

3 Tips to Avoid Nutrient Lockout in Cannabis (January 2021)

One of the primary goals for cannabis cultivators is to optimize plant growth for stronger, healthier yields. To optimize plant growth, monitoring and managing nutrient levels is essential; however, numerous factors can affect nutrient availability and uptake for cannabis plants.

As growers know, cultivation is a balancing act of providing adequate nutrient levels in proper ratios, and, most importantly, ensuring that the substrate pH is within the recommended range. Each of these factors properly applied together optimize plant growth, but if one factor is out of balance, the plant will suffer.

Nutrient “lockup” or “lockout” is when a particular nutrient is unavailable for the plant to uptake. This is usually caused by an elevated substrate pH, a situation that has plagued cannabis growers for many years.

A second problem is improperly balanced nutrient levels. This is referred to as an antagonism. In addition, one must ensure that adequate levels of fertility are provided. While these can all limit nutrient availability, their fundamental causes are different. And perhaps the most important factor is substrate pH.

The entire article can be read here.

 

How to Establish a Cannabis Nutrient Monitoring Program (November 2020)

Fertility management can be challenging for many crops. To ensure your plants are receiving the fertility they require, a stepwise nutrient monitoring program that examines both systems and plants should be implemented.

When setting up a holistic greenhouse or indoor monitoring program, it is important to monitor and test each step along the supply chain, examining the irrigation pipes and flow of water and nutrients. The main steps include:

  • the water source
  • the mixing tank and injector
  • the drip emitters or delivery system
  • the substrate
  • the plant.

At each step, complications and challenges can arise. By taking a “pipe-to-plant” approach, you can determine where along the supply chain problems arise and identify them early to prevent costly ramifications to plant growth and development.

The entire article can be read here.

 

How Does Your Cannabis Fertilizer Recipe Compare? (October 2020)

Fertilization management can be considered both a science of what plants require and an art of how nutrients are supplied. The major nutrients taken up by plants are nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). With these three elements being the heavy lifters, most fertilizer programs focus on delivering NPK to the plant.

The other elements included in fertilizers are still essential but generally are provided at constant levels. We evaluated two commercial cannabis fertilizer programs developed by suppliers who were willing to share their recipes and compared each program to our cannabis fertility research program at North Carolina State University (NCSU).

The entire article can be read here.

How to Monitor Irrigation Water Quality and Correct Imbalances in Container-Grown Cannabis (September 2020)

Water is the single largest input for growing cannabis and therefore an essential resource for growing healthy plants. Plants, by weight, are comprised of 90% to 95% water.

Elements in irrigation water can affect plant growth, especially in container-grown plants, due to those plants’ restricted root masses and the high potential for change within the soilless substrate because of its relatively low buffering capacity, or the ability to regulate pH changes. Because of this, it is important to regularly monitor your irrigation water to be sure it is not creating nutrient imbalances and inhibiting plant growth.

The entire article can be read here.

Legal Dispute Heats Up in Illinois: Week in Review

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The big story this week has been the legal fallout and ongoing turmoil in Illinois, where several lawsuits target Illinois’ licensing process to award 185 new cannabis dispensary licenses. It’s part of a longer saga in that state’s adult-use market. It’s also a good example of the countervailing forces present in much of cannabis licensing ca. 2021: lottery systems v. social equity policies v. free-market demand v. geographic interests, and so on. A perfect storm.

Read Senior Digital Editor Melissa Schiller’s latest, linked below, to get a sense of how these ongoing disputes might alter the landscape for license holders (and license aspirants) in Illinois.

Here are some of the key cannabis headlines from this past week:

  • From Assistant Editor Andriana Ruscitto: “Shortly after Apple loosened its restrictions, Weedmaps, an app and website that lets users find local dispensaries and cannabis-related businesses, updated its app to allow consumers to purchase cannabis.” Read more 
  • “In the latest of several lawsuits that take aim at Illinois’ licensing process to award 185 new cannabis dispensary licenses, two applicants, Suite Greens LLC and So Baked Too LLC, claim state officials wrongfully forced them to give up three of their spots in the state’s third and final licensing lottery, which is scheduled for Aug. 19.” Read more 
  • “Texas expanded its limited medical cannabis program during its 2021 legislative session, and Texas Original Compassionate Cultivation (TOCC), one of the state’s three vertically integrated cannabis licensees, is planning an expansion of its own to meet increased patient demand.” Read more 
  • “Michigan’s total cannabis sales had yet another record-breaking month, topping $171 million in July, according to a monthly data report released from the Michigan Marijuana Regulatory Agency.” Read more 
  • “A federal court has overturned Maine’s requirement that all medical cannabis dispensaries must be owned by Maine residents.” Read more 
  • “After years of regulatory limbo that allowed registered patients in Georgia to possess—but not purchase—low-THC cannabis oil, the state has established a regulated market and has licensed six businesses to produce and sell the oil. However, some industry stakeholders question the state’s licensing process and the businesses that ultimately won the right to operate in Georgia’s market.” Read more 
  • “The North Carolina Senate Judiciary Committee reviewed a medical cannabis legalization bill for the second time Aug. 18 to discuss technical changes to the legislation, according to the Winston-Salem Journal.” Read more 
  • “The Pennsylvania Medical Marijuana Advisory Board voted Aug. 17 to reject requests to add five new qualifying conditions to the state’s medical cannabis program.” Read more 
  •  

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How Much CBD Is Right For You? Medical cannabis experts weigh in

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Cannabidiol (CBD) provides many therapeutic benefit, such as to reduce pain, anxiety, and inflammation. The trick is figuring out how much CBD to take in order to maximize the positive effects. Some people take CBD and do not notice anything. Others may find that CBD is causing the undesirable effects of drowsiness. [1]

We are individuals with unique body compositions. There is no such thing as “one size fits all” when it comes to dosing CBD. Fortunately, medical cannabis experts offer advice to help consumers find the right dose of CBD.

CBD doses vary with the individual

CBD dosage can be difficult to determine. Dr. Dustin Sulak explained that “We all have unique internal chemistry and the cannabinoid system is very complex, so very different dosages are best for different people.”

Doctors can set a specific starting amount based on the patient’s weight. Clinical studies typically measure doses based on the patient’s weight – for example, as milligrams (mg) of CBD per kilogram (kg) of body weight (one kilogram is roughly 2.2 pounds). In a review of over 1,000 clinical trials of CBD, effective doses for various ailments ranging from less than 1 mg / kg up to 50 mg / kg were reported. [2] That means a 150-pound person (clinically) can benefit from a daily dose of CBD under 70 mg; You can also benefit from a daily dose of 3,500 mg! [2]

Dr. Sulak notes that some patients respond well to very small doses of 3-5 mg; others may need 300-500 mg. High doses may be more suitable for people with severe medical conditions. Low doses have the advantage of affordability.

DR. Rachna Patel describes two patients of similar body shape and size who suffered from insomnia. To improve sleep, one needed 2.5 mg of CBD; the other needed 50 mg of CBD.

It’s easy to see why CBD dosage creates so much confusion.

How to find the right dose of CBD

Medical experts often resort to the saying “start low and go slow”.

The Arthritis Foundation®recommends starting with “just a few milligrams of sublingual CBD twice a day”. If this protocol does not give results, the consumer can titrate up a few milligrams after a week. You continue this titration process until the desired results are achieved.

Dr. Neal Smoller offers a less rigorous, albeit similar, approach, advisory Consumers to start with a low dose, record their experience, and try another dose after 4 hours as needed.

Dr. Sulak helps patients find the right dose within four days. note that “ultra-low doses can be extremely effective, sometimes even more than the others” [high-dose] extreme.”

Finding out how much CBD is right for you requires trial and error. Some benefit from low doses while others require high doses. Medical cannabis experts almost always recommend starting low, going slowly, and titrating to success.

References

1- Huestis M, et al. Cannabidiol side effects and toxicity. Current neuropharmacology. 2019; 17: 974-989. 10.2174 / 1570159X17666190603171901

2- Millar SA, Stone NL, Bellman ZD, Yates AS, England TJ, O’Sullivan SE. A systematic review of cannabidiol dosage in clinical populations. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2019; 85 (9): 1888-1900. doi: 10.1111 / bcp.14038

Picture: Erin Stein the end Pixabay

Two Weeks After the Olympics: American Athletes and CBD Will Cannabis Come Next?

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The landscape for cannabidiol (CBD) in the world of sport opened up in 2018 when the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) officially removed it from its prohibited list. CBD has since made its way into the hands of athletes in countless sports, and rightly so as a natural anti-inflammatory and pain reliever. This year’s Tokyo Olympics are a clear example of the current global belief that CBD is acceptable to athletes and signals a major global push against tetrahydracannabidiol (THC).

This example was set when runner Sha’Carri Richardson was banned from competing because of evidence of THC in her drug screening prior to the Tokyo Olympics. Although CBD has been removed from WADA’s list of prohibited substances, THC has not yet been removed, although the allowable threshold has been raised in recent years. Shortly after Richardson’s Olympic restriction was announced, people began to wonder why Megan Rapinoe, a member of the U.S. women’s soccer team who contributed to the team’s bronze win in Tokyo, was allowed to play when she is publicly affiliated with Mendi, a company that the CBD sells products. The answer to Rapinoe playing was simple: the products she endorses and uses contain CBD and no THC.

The global attention that CBD and THC received from the Olympics aren’t the only link between athletes and hemp or cannabis. Several former professional athletes own, operate or invest in hemp or cannabis companies. A former NFL player, Chris Hetherington, is the founder and CEO of Peels, a CBD product company that uses its own process to make its CBD from orange peel. [1] This surge in interest in CBD, even if it’s not from hemp or cannabis, is something we can expect to continue. As for the global acceptance of THC in sports, it’s not a question of if it happens, but when it will, and the chances that it will sooner or later seem likely as more states in the U.S. and Countries around the world are doing this legalizing cannabis and hemp.

References:

1- Southeast Ag radio network. New CBD comes from orange peel. 2021. https://southeastagnet.com/2021/08/06/new-cbd-comes-orange-peels/

New Jersey Adopts Initial Rules for State’s Adult-Use Cannabis Program

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Most months, Cannabis Business Times brings readers the feature “Cultivation Matters,” a recurring series focusing on plant cultivation by researchers from North Carolina State University that can steer growers toward successful operations.

Understanding micro- and macronutrients, for example, and their roles in helping plants grow properly to complete their lifecycles, equips cultivators with the knowledge to produce healthy plants with optimal yields.

Biological controls, plant oddities, plant physiology, nutrient lockout, fertility management, water quality and the like are explored and explained in this series. Well-versed cultivators who just need a refresher as well as less experienced growers who are just getting going can both benefit from findings to reduce their trial-and-error growing pains.

For in-depth analysis, findings and best practices, read the following “Cultivation Matters” articles previously published in Cannabis Business Times:

 

What To Do When Micronutrients Become Macro Problems (August 2021)

Plants require certain micro and macronutrients to thrive. Although plants do not need micronutrients in the same concentration as the meat-and-potatoes macronutrients, they are just as important for plant growth, development and biomass production.

Micronutrients iron (Fe), boron (B), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and molybdenum (Mo) are all essential to produce healthy plants. With the recommended rates of micronutrients being smaller in comparison to macronutrients (nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S)), it is easy for growers to overapply them. But just because plants require these essential elements in lesser amounts doesn’t mean an imbalance won’t have an outsize impact on crop health and yield.

Excess application of micronutrients can cause nutrient antagonism and imbalance, which limits nutrient concentration and uptake, meaning key elements are unavailable to plants. There is a specific range where micronutrient fertility is optimized, but not overapplied.

The entire article can be read here.

 

How Biological Controls Can Help You Tackle Aphid Issues (July 2021)

Biological control is a plant protection strategy used in different horticultural cropping systems that minimizes plant damage so that plants are marketable and/or there are no effects on yield.

Biological control involves releasing parasitoids, which will regulate insect and/or mite pest populations. The primary parasitoids and predators used in controlled environments are associated with aphid parasitoids and predatory mites.

Commercially available parasitoids can be purchased from biological control suppliers and then released to regulate insect or mite pest populations of cannabis crops.

The entire article can be read here.

 

How to Fight Cannabis Pests With Bugs (August 2021)

The following article is the second of a two-part series (first part is above) that describes commercially available parasitoids and predators, which can be purchased from biological control suppliers and then released to regulate insect or mite pest populations on cannabis crops. Here, we examine the predatory mites that attack fungus gnats, mites, thrips, and whiteflies. 

Predatory mite behavior needs to be understood before release because their ability to regulate specific insect or mite pests is primarily dependent on feeding habit, though plant volatiles (i.e. odors emitted by plants when fed upon by herbivores that may attract certain predatory mites such as Phytoseiulus persimilis) and dispersal can also affect regulation. Predatory mites are classified into three categories: Type I, II, and III, based on their food preferences and dispersal capabilities among and within plants.

The entire article can be read here.

 

Funky Stems: What Does Fasciation Mean for Your Cannabis Grow? (June 2021)

As plant scientists, we observe how plants grow and develop over time, and we are intrigued by variations or oddities that occur in growth. Recently, a seed-born cannabis plant in our greenhouse developed abnormal shoot growth with a flattened apical stem. Other cannabis growers have posted images online when they too discover an odd, flat stem.

We grew the plant for two months to observe the advancement of growth patterns. Over time, the shoot tip developed a mass of leaves growing out of the top. As the plant continued to grow, the deformed portion of the stem, which measured more than 3 centimeters across, enlarged and flattened.

This phenomenon is referred to as fasciation. So, what causes this fascinating, distorted growth?

The entire article can be read here.

 

Can Cannabis Benefit from Silicon? (May 2021)

Silicon (Si) has been touted as a miracle chemical by many. It is the second-most abundant element of the Earth’s crust, at 25.7% by weight. Much of the Si on Earth is tied up in silicate forms, such as quartz, that are unavailable for plant uptake.

Nevertheless, with natural weathering, abundant Si becomes available in the soil for plants. With Si being prevalent on Earth, it has become an important element for some plant species and can improve plant growth and prevent disease. That said, Si is classified as a beneficial element, not an essential one, because it is not required for the plant to complete its lifecycle.

The entire article can be read here.

Ideal Rates of Iron in Cannabis Cultivation Vary Depending on End Goal (April 2021)

When most people think of iron, it’s in the context of construction and manufacturing, and considerations focus more on quality and stress ratings. But iron plays a crucial role in both human and plant physiology. (The metallic taste in blood is from its iron content, as anyone who has bit their tongue will attest.) In the plant world, iron (Fe) is an important part of protein synthesis, chloroplast development, and the photosynthetic process of energy storage in cannabis.

In plants, Fe is an immobile element, meaning it cannot be moved (translocated) within the plant from older portions of the plant to satisfy the demand in newer developing plant portions. This is important information given that nutrient deficiency symptoms will be seen on the new and expanding leaves.

The entire article can be read here.

RELATED: Read our “Nutrient Matters” ebook, a collection of similar articles by these authors from North Carolina State University

 

What Are the Optimal Rates for Magnesium in Cannabis? (March 2021)

Macro- and micronutrients help plants grow properly, obtain optimal yields, and complete their lifecycle. Substantial quantities of the essential macronutrient magnesium (Mg) are necessary for proper plant growth and development.

In plants, Mg is a mobile element that is used in photosynthesis and protein synthesis. Therefore, Mg is often moved (translocated) in the plant from the older leaves to satisfy the demand in newer developing leaves that are often more photosynthetically active. Given Mg is the central atom of the chlorophyll molecule, which converts light energy into essential carbohydrates, Mg is directly related to optimal plant growth.

Cannabis is a determinate plant, which means that once flowering begins, the terminal growing tips develop into floral material. Mg will directly impact the size, quality, and yield of a plant, which will directly impact the grower’s bottom line.

The entire article can be read here.

 

How to Optimize Phosphorus Fertility for Cannabis (February 2021)

Plants, much like humans, require certain nutrients and minerals to thrive. These macro- and micronutrients help plants grow properly, obtain optimal yields and complete their lifecycle. Aside from nitrogen (N), phosphorus is perhaps the most important of the macronutrients. Phosphorus (P) is essential for energy storage and utilization, root development and growth, flower formation, and metabolic activities in cannabis.

In plants, P is a mobile element that is necessary for many key metabolic processes, in addition to cell elongation and root growth and development. Therefore, P can be moved (translocated) from older growth segments of plants to satisfy demand in newer, developing plant portions. This is important to note, given that nutrient deficiency symptoms will appear in older leaves as the plant moves P resources into the new and developing leaves and other sinks such as developing flower buds.

The entire article can be read here.

 

3 Tips to Avoid Nutrient Lockout in Cannabis (January 2021)

One of the primary goals for cannabis cultivators is to optimize plant growth for stronger, healthier yields. To optimize plant growth, monitoring and managing nutrient levels is essential; however, numerous factors can affect nutrient availability and uptake for cannabis plants.

As growers know, cultivation is a balancing act of providing adequate nutrient levels in proper ratios, and, most importantly, ensuring that the substrate pH is within the recommended range. Each of these factors properly applied together optimize plant growth, but if one factor is out of balance, the plant will suffer.

Nutrient “lockup” or “lockout” is when a particular nutrient is unavailable for the plant to uptake. This is usually caused by an elevated substrate pH, a situation that has plagued cannabis growers for many years.

A second problem is improperly balanced nutrient levels. This is referred to as an antagonism. In addition, one must ensure that adequate levels of fertility are provided. While these can all limit nutrient availability, their fundamental causes are different. And perhaps the most important factor is substrate pH.

The entire article can be read here.

 

How to Establish a Cannabis Nutrient Monitoring Program (November 2020)

Fertility management can be challenging for many crops. To ensure your plants are receiving the fertility they require, a stepwise nutrient monitoring program that examines both systems and plants should be implemented.

When setting up a holistic greenhouse or indoor monitoring program, it is important to monitor and test each step along the supply chain, examining the irrigation pipes and flow of water and nutrients. The main steps include:

  • the water source
  • the mixing tank and injector
  • the drip emitters or delivery system
  • the substrate
  • the plant.

At each step, complications and challenges can arise. By taking a “pipe-to-plant” approach, you can determine where along the supply chain problems arise and identify them early to prevent costly ramifications to plant growth and development.

The entire article can be read here.

 

How Does Your Cannabis Fertilizer Recipe Compare? (October 2020)

Fertilization management can be considered both a science of what plants require and an art of how nutrients are supplied. The major nutrients taken up by plants are nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). With these three elements being the heavy lifters, most fertilizer programs focus on delivering NPK to the plant.

The other elements included in fertilizers are still essential but generally are provided at constant levels. We evaluated two commercial cannabis fertilizer programs developed by suppliers who were willing to share their recipes and compared each program to our cannabis fertility research program at North Carolina State University (NCSU).

The entire article can be read here.

How to Monitor Irrigation Water Quality and Correct Imbalances in Container-Grown Cannabis (September 2020)

Water is the single largest input for growing cannabis and therefore an essential resource for growing healthy plants. Plants, by weight, are comprised of 90% to 95% water.

Elements in irrigation water can affect plant growth, especially in container-grown plants, due to those plants’ restricted root masses and the high potential for change within the soilless substrate because of its relatively low buffering capacity, or the ability to regulate pH changes. Because of this, it is important to regularly monitor your irrigation water to be sure it is not creating nutrient imbalances and inhibiting plant growth.

The entire article can be read here.

We’re celebrating 75 years of CBD

by

Before the hype train with mainstream icons like Kim Kardashian on board, CBD was long an obscure cannabinoid that only a handful of scientists believed in. In fact, its long and bumpy road stretches back to ancient times.

Many sources cite Sheng Neng, an ancient Chinese emperor, as the first known cannabis user. A document from the year 2737 BC. BC shows how he used cannabis-infused tea as a remedy for malaria, rheumatism and others.

In 1839, William O’Shaugnessy, an Irish medical researcher, conducted the first study that provided insight into the therapeutic potential of cannabis and sparked the interest of the scientific community.

During the last decade of the 19th century, Queen Victoria apparently relied on cannabis to relieve her menstrual cramps, according to the records of her private doctor.

Evidence of CBD’s rocky relationship with the law is the fact that it was discovered by Roger Adams in 1940 just 3 years after cannabis was illegalized in 1937. As a reference, THC was not isolated until 1964, largely attributed to Roger Adams’ discovery.

In 1946, the first CBD-specific study by Dr. Walter Loewe carried out on laboratory animals.

In the 1970s, things started looking for CBD legally.

In 1973, Oregon became the first state to legalize medical cannabis. In 1978, the medicinal potential of cannabis was officially recognized by the Controlled Substances Therapeutic Research Act.

This, of course, opened the door to studies in particular on cannabis and CBD.

In 1980, Dr. Mechoulam conducted a study that shed light on the anti-seizure properties of CBD. After several years and studies of CBD as a cure for epilepsy, we are entering the pivotal year 2018 when the FDA approved the first CBD drug, EPIDIOLEX, for the treatment of epilepsy. This victory cannot be celebrated without mentioning the famous case of Charlotte Figi, a young Colorado girl plagued by 300 epileptic seizures per week, reduced to 2-3 per month with CBD.

Now, CBD seems to have finally escaped the stigma of its parents’ illegal past. People from all walks of life and status are trumpeting its power, including many famous UFC fighters like Nate Diaz, which is clear evidence not only of the cannabinoid’s legitimacy and effectiveness, but also of its long overdue mainstream acceptance.

“Better late than never” was seldom more appropriate.

Former California Mayor Arrested on Wire Fraud and Bribery Charges Alleging Illicit Payments for Support of Commercial Cannabis Activity

by

Most months, Cannabis Business Times brings readers the feature “Cultivation Matters,” a recurring series focusing on plant cultivation by researchers from North Carolina State University that can steer growers toward successful operations.

Understanding micro- and macronutrients, for example, and their roles in helping plants grow properly to complete their lifecycles, equips cultivators with the knowledge to produce healthy plants with optimal yields.

Biological controls, plant oddities, plant physiology, nutrient lockout, fertility management, water quality and the like are explored and explained in this series. Well-versed cultivators who just need a refresher as well as less experienced growers who are just getting going can both benefit from findings to reduce their trial-and-error growing pains.

For in-depth analysis, findings and best practices, read the following “Cultivation Matters” articles previously published in Cannabis Business Times:

 

What To Do When Micronutrients Become Macro Problems (August 2021)

Plants require certain micro and macronutrients to thrive. Although plants do not need micronutrients in the same concentration as the meat-and-potatoes macronutrients, they are just as important for plant growth, development and biomass production.

Micronutrients iron (Fe), boron (B), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and molybdenum (Mo) are all essential to produce healthy plants. With the recommended rates of micronutrients being smaller in comparison to macronutrients (nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S)), it is easy for growers to overapply them. But just because plants require these essential elements in lesser amounts doesn’t mean an imbalance won’t have an outsize impact on crop health and yield.

Excess application of micronutrients can cause nutrient antagonism and imbalance, which limits nutrient concentration and uptake, meaning key elements are unavailable to plants. There is a specific range where micronutrient fertility is optimized, but not overapplied.

The entire article can be read here.

 

How Biological Controls Can Help You Tackle Aphid Issues (July 2021)

Biological control is a plant protection strategy used in different horticultural cropping systems that minimizes plant damage so that plants are marketable and/or there are no effects on yield.

Biological control involves releasing parasitoids, which will regulate insect and/or mite pest populations. The primary parasitoids and predators used in controlled environments are associated with aphid parasitoids and predatory mites.

Commercially available parasitoids can be purchased from biological control suppliers and then released to regulate insect or mite pest populations of cannabis crops.

The entire article can be read here.

 

How to Fight Cannabis Pests With Bugs (August 2021)

The following article is the second of a two-part series (first part is above) that describes commercially available parasitoids and predators, which can be purchased from biological control suppliers and then released to regulate insect or mite pest populations on cannabis crops. Here, we examine the predatory mites that attack fungus gnats, mites, thrips, and whiteflies. 

Predatory mite behavior needs to be understood before release because their ability to regulate specific insect or mite pests is primarily dependent on feeding habit, though plant volatiles (i.e. odors emitted by plants when fed upon by herbivores that may attract certain predatory mites such as Phytoseiulus persimilis) and dispersal can also affect regulation. Predatory mites are classified into three categories: Type I, II, and III, based on their food preferences and dispersal capabilities among and within plants.

The entire article can be read here.

 

Funky Stems: What Does Fasciation Mean for Your Cannabis Grow? (June 2021)

As plant scientists, we observe how plants grow and develop over time, and we are intrigued by variations or oddities that occur in growth. Recently, a seed-born cannabis plant in our greenhouse developed abnormal shoot growth with a flattened apical stem. Other cannabis growers have posted images online when they too discover an odd, flat stem.

We grew the plant for two months to observe the advancement of growth patterns. Over time, the shoot tip developed a mass of leaves growing out of the top. As the plant continued to grow, the deformed portion of the stem, which measured more than 3 centimeters across, enlarged and flattened.

This phenomenon is referred to as fasciation. So, what causes this fascinating, distorted growth?

The entire article can be read here.

 

Can Cannabis Benefit from Silicon? (May 2021)

Silicon (Si) has been touted as a miracle chemical by many. It is the second-most abundant element of the Earth’s crust, at 25.7% by weight. Much of the Si on Earth is tied up in silicate forms, such as quartz, that are unavailable for plant uptake.

Nevertheless, with natural weathering, abundant Si becomes available in the soil for plants. With Si being prevalent on Earth, it has become an important element for some plant species and can improve plant growth and prevent disease. That said, Si is classified as a beneficial element, not an essential one, because it is not required for the plant to complete its lifecycle.

The entire article can be read here.

Ideal Rates of Iron in Cannabis Cultivation Vary Depending on End Goal (April 2021)

When most people think of iron, it’s in the context of construction and manufacturing, and considerations focus more on quality and stress ratings. But iron plays a crucial role in both human and plant physiology. (The metallic taste in blood is from its iron content, as anyone who has bit their tongue will attest.) In the plant world, iron (Fe) is an important part of protein synthesis, chloroplast development, and the photosynthetic process of energy storage in cannabis.

In plants, Fe is an immobile element, meaning it cannot be moved (translocated) within the plant from older portions of the plant to satisfy the demand in newer developing plant portions. This is important information given that nutrient deficiency symptoms will be seen on the new and expanding leaves.

The entire article can be read here.

RELATED: Read our “Nutrient Matters” ebook, a collection of similar articles by these authors from North Carolina State University

 

What Are the Optimal Rates for Magnesium in Cannabis? (March 2021)

Macro- and micronutrients help plants grow properly, obtain optimal yields, and complete their lifecycle. Substantial quantities of the essential macronutrient magnesium (Mg) are necessary for proper plant growth and development.

In plants, Mg is a mobile element that is used in photosynthesis and protein synthesis. Therefore, Mg is often moved (translocated) in the plant from the older leaves to satisfy the demand in newer developing leaves that are often more photosynthetically active. Given Mg is the central atom of the chlorophyll molecule, which converts light energy into essential carbohydrates, Mg is directly related to optimal plant growth.

Cannabis is a determinate plant, which means that once flowering begins, the terminal growing tips develop into floral material. Mg will directly impact the size, quality, and yield of a plant, which will directly impact the grower’s bottom line.

The entire article can be read here.

 

How to Optimize Phosphorus Fertility for Cannabis (February 2021)

Plants, much like humans, require certain nutrients and minerals to thrive. These macro- and micronutrients help plants grow properly, obtain optimal yields and complete their lifecycle. Aside from nitrogen (N), phosphorus is perhaps the most important of the macronutrients. Phosphorus (P) is essential for energy storage and utilization, root development and growth, flower formation, and metabolic activities in cannabis.

In plants, P is a mobile element that is necessary for many key metabolic processes, in addition to cell elongation and root growth and development. Therefore, P can be moved (translocated) from older growth segments of plants to satisfy demand in newer, developing plant portions. This is important to note, given that nutrient deficiency symptoms will appear in older leaves as the plant moves P resources into the new and developing leaves and other sinks such as developing flower buds.

The entire article can be read here.

 

3 Tips to Avoid Nutrient Lockout in Cannabis (January 2021)

One of the primary goals for cannabis cultivators is to optimize plant growth for stronger, healthier yields. To optimize plant growth, monitoring and managing nutrient levels is essential; however, numerous factors can affect nutrient availability and uptake for cannabis plants.

As growers know, cultivation is a balancing act of providing adequate nutrient levels in proper ratios, and, most importantly, ensuring that the substrate pH is within the recommended range. Each of these factors properly applied together optimize plant growth, but if one factor is out of balance, the plant will suffer.

Nutrient “lockup” or “lockout” is when a particular nutrient is unavailable for the plant to uptake. This is usually caused by an elevated substrate pH, a situation that has plagued cannabis growers for many years.

A second problem is improperly balanced nutrient levels. This is referred to as an antagonism. In addition, one must ensure that adequate levels of fertility are provided. While these can all limit nutrient availability, their fundamental causes are different. And perhaps the most important factor is substrate pH.

The entire article can be read here.

 

How to Establish a Cannabis Nutrient Monitoring Program (November 2020)

Fertility management can be challenging for many crops. To ensure your plants are receiving the fertility they require, a stepwise nutrient monitoring program that examines both systems and plants should be implemented.

When setting up a holistic greenhouse or indoor monitoring program, it is important to monitor and test each step along the supply chain, examining the irrigation pipes and flow of water and nutrients. The main steps include:

  • the water source
  • the mixing tank and injector
  • the drip emitters or delivery system
  • the substrate
  • the plant.

At each step, complications and challenges can arise. By taking a “pipe-to-plant” approach, you can determine where along the supply chain problems arise and identify them early to prevent costly ramifications to plant growth and development.

The entire article can be read here.

 

How Does Your Cannabis Fertilizer Recipe Compare? (October 2020)

Fertilization management can be considered both a science of what plants require and an art of how nutrients are supplied. The major nutrients taken up by plants are nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). With these three elements being the heavy lifters, most fertilizer programs focus on delivering NPK to the plant.

The other elements included in fertilizers are still essential but generally are provided at constant levels. We evaluated two commercial cannabis fertilizer programs developed by suppliers who were willing to share their recipes and compared each program to our cannabis fertility research program at North Carolina State University (NCSU).

The entire article can be read here.

How to Monitor Irrigation Water Quality and Correct Imbalances in Container-Grown Cannabis (September 2020)

Water is the single largest input for growing cannabis and therefore an essential resource for growing healthy plants. Plants, by weight, are comprised of 90% to 95% water.

Elements in irrigation water can affect plant growth, especially in container-grown plants, due to those plants’ restricted root masses and the high potential for change within the soilless substrate because of its relatively low buffering capacity, or the ability to regulate pH changes. Because of this, it is important to regularly monitor your irrigation water to be sure it is not creating nutrient imbalances and inhibiting plant growth.

The entire article can be read here.