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Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome – CBD Health and Wellness

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Cannabis use in the United States has grown by leaps and bounds over the past decade and this has created new health problems for some users. One of these problems is cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS).

CHS occurs in cannabis users with specific symptoms that include persistent cycles of nausea and vomiting. People often take hot baths to relieve nausea and suppress vomiting. Since cannabis is known to have anti-vomiting properties, it is paradoxical that its cannabinoids can also help induce vomiting under certain circumstances.[1]

Because CHS is a relatively newly recognized disease, it often is misdiagnosed and can stay there for years. Its symptoms are very similar to those of cyclic vomiting and other illnesses, and many health professionals initially choose these diagnoses over CHS.[1] However, CHS is a disease in its own right, affecting almost exclusively long-term users who use cannabis on a daily basis.

CHS manifests itself in three different phases. The first is called the prodromal phase. During this time, the affected person suffers from mild nausea, irregular eating habits and gastrointestinal complaints. However, at this stage, it is rare for patients or doctors to attribute these common symptoms to CHS. In fact, many patients use even more cannabis to manage symptoms.

In the second phase, the so-called hyperemetic phase, those affected experience vomiting and / or abdominal pain for 24-48 hours. Dehydration is a common occurrence during this phase as well. As in phase one, patients also tend to increase their cannabis use to relieve symptoms. Patients also compulsively immerse themselves in baths or showers, which many believe provides relief from their discomfort.

Recovery is the third phase. It sees the end of vomiting and a return to normal eating habits. In addition, people stop bathing and showering frequently and stop all cannabis use, which is one of the pillars of CHS treatment. The other is symptom management through the use of IV fluids and relaxation. Dopamine antagonists and benzodiazapenes have also shown promise in treating symptoms, but opioids have not.

Perhaps the most difficult aspect of treating CHS is diagnosis. Its symptoms are similar to many other diseases, and its cause (cannabis) is often used to alleviate these symptoms. However, with more research and more patients presenting with CHS, at some point more information will become available about how to treat this new disease.

Image source: https://www.pexels.com/photo/man-in-white-button-up-shirt-holding-white-paper-5028382/

References:

  1. Galli, Jonathan A. et al. Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome. Curr Substance Abuse Rev. 2011, Volume 4 (4): 241-249

Terpenes and CBD combinations for certain benefits

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The entourage effect may still be largely puzzling by the scientific standards of concrete evidence, but when it comes to anecdotal evidence and plausible theories, it is the X-factor of green magic.

An educated approach to combining CBD and terpenes to create synergy and double certain effects could likely go a long way.

Anti-inflammatory

Anti-inflammatory is one of the most pronounced properties of CBD, and most of the terpenes studied, including pinene, humulene, caryophyllene, myrcene, terpinolene, ocimen, borneol, and bisabolol, also show anti-inflammatory effects. It’s only natural to assume that any combination between them and CBD would catalyze this effect.

antioxidant

Both CBD and terpenes have shown promise in various studies of their activity against oxidative stress. After all, one of the main causes of oxidative stress is rampant inflammation, so all of the terpenes mentioned above are also antioxidants to some extent.

In antioxidant studies, the terpenes limonene, humulene, myrcene and terpinolene are outstanding.

Since neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s are also caused by inflammation and oxidative stress in the brain, some terpenes, such as linalool, have shown neuroprotective potential in particular – another area that scientists rely on CBD.

Anti-fear

The anxiolytic properties of CBD are another important point on his business card, but here, too, this effect is also evident with terpenes, namely limonene and linalool.

Dr. Russo on CBD and terpene combinations

Much of our knowledge and / or speculation about the peculiarities of the entourage effect comes from Dr. Ethan Russo, one of the founding fathers of cannabis research, and his iconic overview paper. Taming THC.

Russo suggests that the “psychopharmacological effects of limonene, pinene and linalool could supposedly prolong” [CBD’s] Advantages in mood in such [Alzherimer’s] Patients. “

In addition, he believes that “terpenoids with analgesic, anxiolytic or sedative effects can complement this (anti-insomnia) activity, particularly caryophyllene, linalool and myrcene”.

Russo also cites promising studies on CBD’s ability to break the vicious circle of addiction and cites a clinical study that found that a black pepper essential oil significantly reduced nicotine cravings.

While the researchers behind the study attributed these results to the “irritation of the bronchial tree that simulates the act of cigarette smoking”, Russo suggests a pharmacological cause of the effect – the terpenoid profile of black pepper, namely “myrcene from sedation, pinene from increased or in particular Caryophyllene via CB2 Agonism and a newly discovered putative mechanism of action in addiction treatment. “

In particular, he names caryophyllene as a particularly strong factor, as it is a highly selective CB. acts2 Agonist that can simulate the activity of the synthetic agonist JWH144, which was shown to be effective in the fight against cocaine in a rat study.

Of course, many of these hypothetical manifestations of the entourage effect fall into the speculative realm, but there is a huge difference between educated, thoughtful speculation and wishful thinking and / or shots in the dark.

Higher Education Picks Up Some Cannabis Momentum: Week in Review

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Cannabis beverages are becoming a more visible product category, particularly as dispensaries begin adding adequate cooler space for brands entering the space. For Keef Brands, which has been around for years, the evolution has been steady—moving through medical markets, allowing patients to become acquainted with the product, and then getting familiar with the burgeoning adult-use landscape in the U.S.

Keef Cola originated in Boulder, Colo., in 2010, with a keen eye to the many adaptive shifts that were coming in the cannabis market. Eventually, just based on how humans interact with one another, the market would embrace cannabinoid-infused beverages. With $2.9 million in U.S. sales in Q1, according to Headset, Keef Brands makes up a large part of what remains a small (but growing) market segment.

Travis Tharp was named CEO after serving as president and COO. Here, we spoke with Tharp about the state of the cannabis beverage segment and what we can expect next.

Eric Sandy: What’s the current scope of Keef Brands in the U.S.?

keef cola

 

Travis Tharp: We’re currently in seven states, plus Puerto Rico, and those are Colorado, California, Arizona, Oklahoma, Missouri, Maine and Ohio. We launched our three latest markets of Ohio, Maine and Missouri in the first quarter of 2021, and we’ve been very pleased with the acceptance that those people have welcomed us to in all of these states. We’ve had really great partners in all of these, because we have to work with a manufacturer in each area. You have to set up your entire ecosystem in each state, and we’ve been very fortunate to have some wonderful partners over the years. This latest group is no exception.

ES: How does Keef Brands navigates the differences between medical and adult-use markets?

TT: It’s a really good question because I think it speaks to the evolution of our company over the years. Keef was one of the original edible brands in Colorado, all the way back in 2010, and the first product lines were medical sodas at the 100-milligram level that were targeting medical patients. That was something our founder nailed, because he started working with the folks who were the early adopters—the evangelical people who wanted to be in the industry, who wanted to be a budtender, who wanted to use it for medicinal purposes. We were able to set up a really strong relationship with both consumers and retailers over the first three or four years of medical-only in Colorado, so that when it switched to adult-use and brought out our lower 10-milligram beverages, it was very warmly received.

We had some allies and support in the industry for us bringing out an adult-use option. I’ve seen that happen in a couple of different markets that we’ve gone into. And I think that’s something that we really take to heart. It’s a very significant part of our entry strategy—to take care of the medical patients and have an option for them, providing them multiple options, whether it’s something like the mocktails that are the sugary tasty beverages or something that’s more of a health-conscious, low-sugar, low-calorie option for other medical patients. Since we’ve been able to meet the market in these early stages, we’ve been able to build a really strong partnership with all the retailers and the customers. Being from Colorado and having a lot of people over the years associate a positive experience of coming out here with the brand has really helped us develop. When the new states would come on, you see the acceptance and the brand recognition is happening faster and at a higher rate than in the first couple of markets that we launched.

ES: Dosing is a big part of this conversation. How does Keef position its 10-milligram beverages and the idea of what “10 milligrams” might mean for customers?

TT: We always tell everyone that nobody reacts the exact same. Everyone needs to understand what their correct dosing is. We always subscribe to the “start low and go slow” adage. One of the benefits of beverages and the reason that people are starting to gravitate toward them versus other form factors is that when you drink a beverage, the uptake of THC happens sublingually versus going down and having to process through your stomach and your bladder. It really provides a consistent, sessionable experience that people are used to having with alcohol or something of that nature. You just don’t want people to have a negative experience when they’re trying the product.

In all of the states where we launched, we’ve been on a very aggressive education campaign. We’re in the very early stages of the life cycle of this industry. Look at the last two years, and beverage has gained a lot of from a units and sales perspective. It’s gained a lot, but it’s still a relatively small segment of the overall market with a lot of opportunity to grow. We work together with competitors to try to get the word out. The old “a rising tide lifts all ships” adage really applies in the beverage segment right now.

ES: I was going to ask about the state of the market. Beverages are a small slice of the pie right now, but they seem to be growing quickly.

TT: There’s been a good evolution of adoption of beverage. We always thought that social consumption lounges would be when beverages would start to take off. Ironically, it was during the pandemic—with people having a lot of time on at home—that they tried new products. We saw an acceleration of that, specifically, in the beverage category. You’ve seen some new entrants that are coming with very low-dose offerings, which I think is great. We address a couple of different segments of the market. We don’t address all of them currently.

We know that there’s room in the cooler—and making sure that the cooler actually exists in the retailers is something that’s been a shared endeavor and a shared challenge. Some of the original dispensaries were set up bodega-style. But you can see an evolution in the newer markets where they’re trying to adopt a different type of retail experience that incorporates a larger refrigerator, and that’s amazing,

ES: What’s the on-site consumption situation in the home state of Colorado?

TT: It been passed at the state level, and the cities are starting to implement it. It’s on the way. It’s not where California is as of yet, or some of the other states, but it has been passed and people are gearing up for it.

ES: There’s a lot of talk about “occasion-based consumption” in the industry. Where does the marketing for beverages place this product segment?

TT: Our core brand ethos is welcoming everybody to the party, whether that’s somebody who’s never experienced cannabis before or somebody who’s an old pro. That’s been one of our major points that we always try to stick to: We want people who are experiencing beverages when they’re at a barbecue not to have to go somewhere else and remove themselves from the party. They can stay there with it, with a beverage, and stand next to their friends who are having a beer or some other beverage and still be a part of the party and not have to actually excuse themselves. That’s a really interesting shift. Something that we really try to adopt and educate people on is that it allows you to stay in the social setting. It allows you to really enjoy a different alternative experience to just alcohol.

ES: It seems like this speaks to the broader “normalization” conversation, too.

TT: It does. One of our taglines is, “Drink your cannabis.” Our founder, about 10 years ago, started telling people that the two major forms of human interaction over the development of our history had been smoking and drinking. Everyone, in 2010, was focusing on the smoking aspect. He wanted to solve the drinking segment. He thought that would be a really interesting way to go about this, and a way for it to be normalized. His 94-year-old grandmother was one of the first people who ever tried one of his original Keef Colas. She took a sip, and she said, “Is this cannabis?” She took a sip and looked at her husband and said, “You just said I couldn’t smoke it.” And then she took another sip.

It was like a company genesis story that really helped us focus in on what we were trying to accomplish. And it’s taken longer, I think, than anybody ever plans—and most things do. There have been a couple of false starts on the anointing of beverages as the next big thing. But I think what we’re seeing is a solid acceptance from the mainstream audience of at least trying it and understanding, “What are some of the benefits? What are some of the things that they need to consider?” And that’s really all we can ask for.

ES: How does tourism fit into this? Meaning, when folks visit Denver or LA, it would seem like beverages offer a more discreet, casual way to check out this new market without buying a bunch of flower for a weekend trip.

TT: We’ve gotten that feedback from numerous people who have come from in from out of state. When we’ve gone into other states, they said, “Oh, I’ve been to Colorado. I’ve had your brand in Colorado. This is great. We love that you guys are here.” It’s a great alternative to just the traditional methods of consuming cannabis. One of the things that we’ve really tried to focus on over the past few years is making sure that we’ve got the right quality controls in place so that the Keef that you have in LA tastes the same as a Keef that you have in Maine.

ES: What’s next for Keef Brands this year?

TT: Our two key focuses this year are that we wanted to accelerate the velocity and go deeper with our product lines in our existing markets—specifically in Colorado—and really work toward normalizing a purchase of a four-pack versus just a single can. By and large, it’s been very well received, and we’re able to do some volume discussions and have it be normal. It’s like a grocery store or a liquor store experience. That’s thanks to the adoption and the acceptance of the general public.

And in Q1, like I said earlier, we launched in three new markets. We were very heads-down. Our next launch will be with Canada. Our partner there is gearing up. We think we’ll be on the market if not by the end of Q2, early Q3. That’s a really big focus of ours. We’re also looking at the new states that are coming online. Generally, I would say we’re looking toward expanding some more states over the course of the next six months.

ES: As far as those partners on the ground, what are the traits you’re looking for?

TT: I’ll use Buckeye Relief in Ohio as an example. We do our homework, and we speak with other brands. We actually co-located with Wana Brands in a couple of different facilities, and they had nothing but good things to say about the Buckeye Relief team. We were able to confirm that in every one of our interactions. When you’re in cannabis, every manufacturing relationship has unique pieces to it because every state is different. But the core qualities are, transparency, a desire to continually improve the product and a commitment to consistency. Those are the key aspects of this, and Buckeye has been great in that regard.

HEXO Corp. Announces C$925M Acquisition Agreement With Redecan

by

Cannabis beverages are becoming a more visible product category, particularly as dispensaries begin adding adequate cooler space for brands entering the space. For Keef Brands, which has been around for years, the evolution has been steady—moving through medical markets, allowing patients to become acquainted with the product, and then getting familiar with the burgeoning adult-use landscape in the U.S.

Keef Cola originated in Boulder, Colo., in 2010, with a keen eye to the many adaptive shifts that were coming in the cannabis market. Eventually, just based on how humans interact with one another, the market would embrace cannabinoid-infused beverages. With $2.9 million in U.S. sales in Q1, according to Headset, Keef Brands makes up a large part of what remains a small (but growing) market segment.

Travis Tharp was named CEO after serving as president and COO. Here, we spoke with Tharp about the state of the cannabis beverage segment and what we can expect next.

Eric Sandy: What’s the current scope of Keef Brands in the U.S.?

keef cola

 

Travis Tharp: We’re currently in seven states, plus Puerto Rico, and those are Colorado, California, Arizona, Oklahoma, Missouri, Maine and Ohio. We launched our three latest markets of Ohio, Maine and Missouri in the first quarter of 2021, and we’ve been very pleased with the acceptance that those people have welcomed us to in all of these states. We’ve had really great partners in all of these, because we have to work with a manufacturer in each area. You have to set up your entire ecosystem in each state, and we’ve been very fortunate to have some wonderful partners over the years. This latest group is no exception.

ES: How does Keef Brands navigates the differences between medical and adult-use markets?

TT: It’s a really good question because I think it speaks to the evolution of our company over the years. Keef was one of the original edible brands in Colorado, all the way back in 2010, and the first product lines were medical sodas at the 100-milligram level that were targeting medical patients. That was something our founder nailed, because he started working with the folks who were the early adopters—the evangelical people who wanted to be in the industry, who wanted to be a budtender, who wanted to use it for medicinal purposes. We were able to set up a really strong relationship with both consumers and retailers over the first three or four years of medical-only in Colorado, so that when it switched to adult-use and brought out our lower 10-milligram beverages, it was very warmly received.

We had some allies and support in the industry for us bringing out an adult-use option. I’ve seen that happen in a couple of different markets that we’ve gone into. And I think that’s something that we really take to heart. It’s a very significant part of our entry strategy—to take care of the medical patients and have an option for them, providing them multiple options, whether it’s something like the mocktails that are the sugary tasty beverages or something that’s more of a health-conscious, low-sugar, low-calorie option for other medical patients. Since we’ve been able to meet the market in these early stages, we’ve been able to build a really strong partnership with all the retailers and the customers. Being from Colorado and having a lot of people over the years associate a positive experience of coming out here with the brand has really helped us develop. When the new states would come on, you see the acceptance and the brand recognition is happening faster and at a higher rate than in the first couple of markets that we launched.

ES: Dosing is a big part of this conversation. How does Keef position its 10-milligram beverages and the idea of what “10 milligrams” might mean for customers?

TT: We always tell everyone that nobody reacts the exact same. Everyone needs to understand what their correct dosing is. We always subscribe to the “start low and go slow” adage. One of the benefits of beverages and the reason that people are starting to gravitate toward them versus other form factors is that when you drink a beverage, the uptake of THC happens sublingually versus going down and having to process through your stomach and your bladder. It really provides a consistent, sessionable experience that people are used to having with alcohol or something of that nature. You just don’t want people to have a negative experience when they’re trying the product.

In all of the states where we launched, we’ve been on a very aggressive education campaign. We’re in the very early stages of the life cycle of this industry. Look at the last two years, and beverage has gained a lot of from a units and sales perspective. It’s gained a lot, but it’s still a relatively small segment of the overall market with a lot of opportunity to grow. We work together with competitors to try to get the word out. The old “a rising tide lifts all ships” adage really applies in the beverage segment right now.

ES: I was going to ask about the state of the market. Beverages are a small slice of the pie right now, but they seem to be growing quickly.

TT: There’s been a good evolution of adoption of beverage. We always thought that social consumption lounges would be when beverages would start to take off. Ironically, it was during the pandemic—with people having a lot of time on at home—that they tried new products. We saw an acceleration of that, specifically, in the beverage category. You’ve seen some new entrants that are coming with very low-dose offerings, which I think is great. We address a couple of different segments of the market. We don’t address all of them currently.

We know that there’s room in the cooler—and making sure that the cooler actually exists in the retailers is something that’s been a shared endeavor and a shared challenge. Some of the original dispensaries were set up bodega-style. But you can see an evolution in the newer markets where they’re trying to adopt a different type of retail experience that incorporates a larger refrigerator, and that’s amazing,

ES: What’s the on-site consumption situation in the home state of Colorado?

TT: It been passed at the state level, and the cities are starting to implement it. It’s on the way. It’s not where California is as of yet, or some of the other states, but it has been passed and people are gearing up for it.

ES: There’s a lot of talk about “occasion-based consumption” in the industry. Where does the marketing for beverages place this product segment?

TT: Our core brand ethos is welcoming everybody to the party, whether that’s somebody who’s never experienced cannabis before or somebody who’s an old pro. That’s been one of our major points that we always try to stick to: We want people who are experiencing beverages when they’re at a barbecue not to have to go somewhere else and remove themselves from the party. They can stay there with it, with a beverage, and stand next to their friends who are having a beer or some other beverage and still be a part of the party and not have to actually excuse themselves. That’s a really interesting shift. Something that we really try to adopt and educate people on is that it allows you to stay in the social setting. It allows you to really enjoy a different alternative experience to just alcohol.

ES: It seems like this speaks to the broader “normalization” conversation, too.

TT: It does. One of our taglines is, “Drink your cannabis.” Our founder, about 10 years ago, started telling people that the two major forms of human interaction over the development of our history had been smoking and drinking. Everyone, in 2010, was focusing on the smoking aspect. He wanted to solve the drinking segment. He thought that would be a really interesting way to go about this, and a way for it to be normalized. His 94-year-old grandmother was one of the first people who ever tried one of his original Keef Colas. She took a sip, and she said, “Is this cannabis?” She took a sip and looked at her husband and said, “You just said I couldn’t smoke it.” And then she took another sip.

It was like a company genesis story that really helped us focus in on what we were trying to accomplish. And it’s taken longer, I think, than anybody ever plans—and most things do. There have been a couple of false starts on the anointing of beverages as the next big thing. But I think what we’re seeing is a solid acceptance from the mainstream audience of at least trying it and understanding, “What are some of the benefits? What are some of the things that they need to consider?” And that’s really all we can ask for.

ES: How does tourism fit into this? Meaning, when folks visit Denver or LA, it would seem like beverages offer a more discreet, casual way to check out this new market without buying a bunch of flower for a weekend trip.

TT: We’ve gotten that feedback from numerous people who have come from in from out of state. When we’ve gone into other states, they said, “Oh, I’ve been to Colorado. I’ve had your brand in Colorado. This is great. We love that you guys are here.” It’s a great alternative to just the traditional methods of consuming cannabis. One of the things that we’ve really tried to focus on over the past few years is making sure that we’ve got the right quality controls in place so that the Keef that you have in LA tastes the same as a Keef that you have in Maine.

ES: What’s next for Keef Brands this year?

TT: Our two key focuses this year are that we wanted to accelerate the velocity and go deeper with our product lines in our existing markets—specifically in Colorado—and really work toward normalizing a purchase of a four-pack versus just a single can. By and large, it’s been very well received, and we’re able to do some volume discussions and have it be normal. It’s like a grocery store or a liquor store experience. That’s thanks to the adoption and the acceptance of the general public.

And in Q1, like I said earlier, we launched in three new markets. We were very heads-down. Our next launch will be with Canada. Our partner there is gearing up. We think we’ll be on the market if not by the end of Q2, early Q3. That’s a really big focus of ours. We’re also looking at the new states that are coming online. Generally, I would say we’re looking toward expanding some more states over the course of the next six months.

ES: As far as those partners on the ground, what are the traits you’re looking for?

TT: I’ll use Buckeye Relief in Ohio as an example. We do our homework, and we speak with other brands. We actually co-located with Wana Brands in a couple of different facilities, and they had nothing but good things to say about the Buckeye Relief team. We were able to confirm that in every one of our interactions. When you’re in cannabis, every manufacturing relationship has unique pieces to it because every state is different. But the core qualities are, transparency, a desire to continually improve the product and a commitment to consistency. Those are the key aspects of this, and Buckeye has been great in that regard.

Bill to Federally Legalize Cannabis Reintroduced to U.S. House

by

Cannabis beverages are becoming a more visible product category, particularly as dispensaries begin adding adequate cooler space for brands entering the space. For Keef Brands, which has been around for years, the evolution has been steady—moving through medical markets, allowing patients to become acquainted with the product, and then getting familiar with the burgeoning adult-use landscape in the U.S.

Keef Cola originated in Boulder, Colo., in 2010, with a keen eye to the many adaptive shifts that were coming in the cannabis market. Eventually, just based on how humans interact with one another, the market would embrace cannabinoid-infused beverages. With $2.9 million in U.S. sales in Q1, according to Headset, Keef Brands makes up a large part of what remains a small (but growing) market segment.

Travis Tharp was named CEO after serving as president and COO. Here, we spoke with Tharp about the state of the cannabis beverage segment and what we can expect next.

Eric Sandy: What’s the current scope of Keef Brands in the U.S.?

keef cola

 

Travis Tharp: We’re currently in seven states, plus Puerto Rico, and those are Colorado, California, Arizona, Oklahoma, Missouri, Maine and Ohio. We launched our three latest markets of Ohio, Maine and Missouri in the first quarter of 2021, and we’ve been very pleased with the acceptance that those people have welcomed us to in all of these states. We’ve had really great partners in all of these, because we have to work with a manufacturer in each area. You have to set up your entire ecosystem in each state, and we’ve been very fortunate to have some wonderful partners over the years. This latest group is no exception.

ES: How does Keef Brands navigates the differences between medical and adult-use markets?

TT: It’s a really good question because I think it speaks to the evolution of our company over the years. Keef was one of the original edible brands in Colorado, all the way back in 2010, and the first product lines were medical sodas at the 100-milligram level that were targeting medical patients. That was something our founder nailed, because he started working with the folks who were the early adopters—the evangelical people who wanted to be in the industry, who wanted to be a budtender, who wanted to use it for medicinal purposes. We were able to set up a really strong relationship with both consumers and retailers over the first three or four years of medical-only in Colorado, so that when it switched to adult-use and brought out our lower 10-milligram beverages, it was very warmly received.

We had some allies and support in the industry for us bringing out an adult-use option. I’ve seen that happen in a couple of different markets that we’ve gone into. And I think that’s something that we really take to heart. It’s a very significant part of our entry strategy—to take care of the medical patients and have an option for them, providing them multiple options, whether it’s something like the mocktails that are the sugary tasty beverages or something that’s more of a health-conscious, low-sugar, low-calorie option for other medical patients. Since we’ve been able to meet the market in these early stages, we’ve been able to build a really strong partnership with all the retailers and the customers. Being from Colorado and having a lot of people over the years associate a positive experience of coming out here with the brand has really helped us develop. When the new states would come on, you see the acceptance and the brand recognition is happening faster and at a higher rate than in the first couple of markets that we launched.

ES: Dosing is a big part of this conversation. How does Keef position its 10-milligram beverages and the idea of what “10 milligrams” might mean for customers?

TT: We always tell everyone that nobody reacts the exact same. Everyone needs to understand what their correct dosing is. We always subscribe to the “start low and go slow” adage. One of the benefits of beverages and the reason that people are starting to gravitate toward them versus other form factors is that when you drink a beverage, the uptake of THC happens sublingually versus going down and having to process through your stomach and your bladder. It really provides a consistent, sessionable experience that people are used to having with alcohol or something of that nature. You just don’t want people to have a negative experience when they’re trying the product.

In all of the states where we launched, we’ve been on a very aggressive education campaign. We’re in the very early stages of the life cycle of this industry. Look at the last two years, and beverage has gained a lot of from a units and sales perspective. It’s gained a lot, but it’s still a relatively small segment of the overall market with a lot of opportunity to grow. We work together with competitors to try to get the word out. The old “a rising tide lifts all ships” adage really applies in the beverage segment right now.

ES: I was going to ask about the state of the market. Beverages are a small slice of the pie right now, but they seem to be growing quickly.

TT: There’s been a good evolution of adoption of beverage. We always thought that social consumption lounges would be when beverages would start to take off. Ironically, it was during the pandemic—with people having a lot of time on at home—that they tried new products. We saw an acceleration of that, specifically, in the beverage category. You’ve seen some new entrants that are coming with very low-dose offerings, which I think is great. We address a couple of different segments of the market. We don’t address all of them currently.

We know that there’s room in the cooler—and making sure that the cooler actually exists in the retailers is something that’s been a shared endeavor and a shared challenge. Some of the original dispensaries were set up bodega-style. But you can see an evolution in the newer markets where they’re trying to adopt a different type of retail experience that incorporates a larger refrigerator, and that’s amazing,

ES: What’s the on-site consumption situation in the home state of Colorado?

TT: It been passed at the state level, and the cities are starting to implement it. It’s on the way. It’s not where California is as of yet, or some of the other states, but it has been passed and people are gearing up for it.

ES: There’s a lot of talk about “occasion-based consumption” in the industry. Where does the marketing for beverages place this product segment?

TT: Our core brand ethos is welcoming everybody to the party, whether that’s somebody who’s never experienced cannabis before or somebody who’s an old pro. That’s been one of our major points that we always try to stick to: We want people who are experiencing beverages when they’re at a barbecue not to have to go somewhere else and remove themselves from the party. They can stay there with it, with a beverage, and stand next to their friends who are having a beer or some other beverage and still be a part of the party and not have to actually excuse themselves. That’s a really interesting shift. Something that we really try to adopt and educate people on is that it allows you to stay in the social setting. It allows you to really enjoy a different alternative experience to just alcohol.

ES: It seems like this speaks to the broader “normalization” conversation, too.

TT: It does. One of our taglines is, “Drink your cannabis.” Our founder, about 10 years ago, started telling people that the two major forms of human interaction over the development of our history had been smoking and drinking. Everyone, in 2010, was focusing on the smoking aspect. He wanted to solve the drinking segment. He thought that would be a really interesting way to go about this, and a way for it to be normalized. His 94-year-old grandmother was one of the first people who ever tried one of his original Keef Colas. She took a sip, and she said, “Is this cannabis?” She took a sip and looked at her husband and said, “You just said I couldn’t smoke it.” And then she took another sip.

It was like a company genesis story that really helped us focus in on what we were trying to accomplish. And it’s taken longer, I think, than anybody ever plans—and most things do. There have been a couple of false starts on the anointing of beverages as the next big thing. But I think what we’re seeing is a solid acceptance from the mainstream audience of at least trying it and understanding, “What are some of the benefits? What are some of the things that they need to consider?” And that’s really all we can ask for.

ES: How does tourism fit into this? Meaning, when folks visit Denver or LA, it would seem like beverages offer a more discreet, casual way to check out this new market without buying a bunch of flower for a weekend trip.

TT: We’ve gotten that feedback from numerous people who have come from in from out of state. When we’ve gone into other states, they said, “Oh, I’ve been to Colorado. I’ve had your brand in Colorado. This is great. We love that you guys are here.” It’s a great alternative to just the traditional methods of consuming cannabis. One of the things that we’ve really tried to focus on over the past few years is making sure that we’ve got the right quality controls in place so that the Keef that you have in LA tastes the same as a Keef that you have in Maine.

ES: What’s next for Keef Brands this year?

TT: Our two key focuses this year are that we wanted to accelerate the velocity and go deeper with our product lines in our existing markets—specifically in Colorado—and really work toward normalizing a purchase of a four-pack versus just a single can. By and large, it’s been very well received, and we’re able to do some volume discussions and have it be normal. It’s like a grocery store or a liquor store experience. That’s thanks to the adoption and the acceptance of the general public.

And in Q1, like I said earlier, we launched in three new markets. We were very heads-down. Our next launch will be with Canada. Our partner there is gearing up. We think we’ll be on the market if not by the end of Q2, early Q3. That’s a really big focus of ours. We’re also looking at the new states that are coming online. Generally, I would say we’re looking toward expanding some more states over the course of the next six months.

ES: As far as those partners on the ground, what are the traits you’re looking for?

TT: I’ll use Buckeye Relief in Ohio as an example. We do our homework, and we speak with other brands. We actually co-located with Wana Brands in a couple of different facilities, and they had nothing but good things to say about the Buckeye Relief team. We were able to confirm that in every one of our interactions. When you’re in cannabis, every manufacturing relationship has unique pieces to it because every state is different. But the core qualities are, transparency, a desire to continually improve the product and a commitment to consistency. Those are the key aspects of this, and Buckeye has been great in that regard.

Keef Brands Continues Expansion of Cannabis Beverage Segment: Q&A With CEO Travis Tharp

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Cannabis beverages are becoming a more visible product category, particularly as dispensaries begin adding adequate cooler space for brands entering the space. For Keef Brands, which has been around for years, the evolution has been steady—moving through medical markets, allowing patients to become acquainted with the product, and then getting familiar with the burgeoning adult-use landscape in the U.S.

Keef Cola originated in Boulder, Colo., in 2010, with a keen eye to the many adaptive shifts that were coming in the cannabis market. Eventually, just based on how humans interact with one another, the market would embrace cannabinoid-infused beverages. With $2.9 million in U.S. sales in Q1, according to Headset, Keef Brands makes up a large part of what remains a small (but growing) market segment.

Travis Tharp was named CEO after serving as president and COO. Here, we spoke with Tharp about the state of the cannabis beverage segment and what we can expect next.

Eric Sandy: What’s the current scope of Keef Brands in the U.S.?

keef cola

 

Travis Tharp: We’re currently in seven states, plus Puerto Rico, and those are Colorado, California, Arizona, Oklahoma, Missouri, Maine and Ohio. We launched our three latest markets of Ohio, Maine and Missouri in the first quarter of 2021, and we’ve been very pleased with the acceptance that those people have welcomed us to in all of these states. We’ve had really great partners in all of these, because we have to work with a manufacturer in each area. You have to set up your entire ecosystem in each state, and we’ve been very fortunate to have some wonderful partners over the years. This latest group is no exception.

ES: How does Keef Brands navigates the differences between medical and adult-use markets?

TT: It’s a really good question because I think it speaks to the evolution of our company over the years. Keef was one of the original edible brands in Colorado, all the way back in 2010, and the first product lines were medical sodas at the 100-milligram level that were targeting medical patients. That was something our founder nailed, because he started working with the folks who were the early adopters—the evangelical people who wanted to be in the industry, who wanted to be a budtender, who wanted to use it for medicinal purposes. We were able to set up a really strong relationship with both consumers and retailers over the first three or four years of medical-only in Colorado, so that when it switched to adult-use and brought out our lower 10-milligram beverages, it was very warmly received.

We had some allies and support in the industry for us bringing out an adult-use option. I’ve seen that happen in a couple of different markets that we’ve gone into. And I think that’s something that we really take to heart. It’s a very significant part of our entry strategy—to take care of the medical patients and have an option for them, providing them multiple options, whether it’s something like the mocktails that are the sugary tasty beverages or something that’s more of a health-conscious, low-sugar, low-calorie option for other medical patients. Since we’ve been able to meet the market in these early stages, we’ve been able to build a really strong partnership with all the retailers and the customers. Being from Colorado and having a lot of people over the years associate a positive experience of coming out here with the brand has really helped us develop. When the new states would come on, you see the acceptance and the brand recognition is happening faster and at a higher rate than in the first couple of markets that we launched.

ES: Dosing is a big part of this conversation. How does Keef position its 10-milligram beverages and the idea of what “10 milligrams” might mean for customers?

TT: We always tell everyone that nobody reacts the exact same. Everyone needs to understand what their correct dosing is. We always subscribe to the “start low and go slow” adage. One of the benefits of beverages and the reason that people are starting to gravitate toward them versus other form factors is that when you drink a beverage, the uptake of THC happens sublingually versus going down and having to process through your stomach and your bladder. It really provides a consistent, sessionable experience that people are used to having with alcohol or something of that nature. You just don’t want people to have a negative experience when they’re trying the product.

In all of the states where we launched, we’ve been on a very aggressive education campaign. We’re in the very early stages of the life cycle of this industry. Look at the last two years, and beverage has gained a lot of from a units and sales perspective. It’s gained a lot, but it’s still a relatively small segment of the overall market with a lot of opportunity to grow. We work together with competitors to try to get the word out. The old “a rising tide lifts all ships” adage really applies in the beverage segment right now.

ES: I was going to ask about the state of the market. Beverages are a small slice of the pie right now, but they seem to be growing quickly.

TT: There’s been a good evolution of adoption of beverage. We always thought that social consumption lounges would be when beverages would start to take off. Ironically, it was during the pandemic—with people having a lot of time on at home—that they tried new products. We saw an acceleration of that, specifically, in the beverage category. You’ve seen some new entrants that are coming with very low-dose offerings, which I think is great. We address a couple of different segments of the market. We don’t address all of them currently.

We know that there’s room in the cooler—and making sure that the cooler actually exists in the retailers is something that’s been a shared endeavor and a shared challenge. Some of the original dispensaries were set up bodega-style. But you can see an evolution in the newer markets where they’re trying to adopt a different type of retail experience that incorporates a larger refrigerator, and that’s amazing,

ES: What’s the on-site consumption situation in the home state of Colorado?

TT: It been passed at the state level, and the cities are starting to implement it. It’s on the way. It’s not where California is as of yet, or some of the other states, but it has been passed and people are gearing up for it.

ES: There’s a lot of talk about “occasion-based consumption” in the industry. Where does the marketing for beverages place this product segment?

TT: Our core brand ethos is welcoming everybody to the party, whether that’s somebody who’s never experienced cannabis before or somebody who’s an old pro. That’s been one of our major points that we always try to stick to: We want people who are experiencing beverages when they’re at a barbecue not to have to go somewhere else and remove themselves from the party. They can stay there with it, with a beverage, and stand next to their friends who are having a beer or some other beverage and still be a part of the party and not have to actually excuse themselves. That’s a really interesting shift. Something that we really try to adopt and educate people on is that it allows you to stay in the social setting. It allows you to really enjoy a different alternative experience to just alcohol.

ES: It seems like this speaks to the broader “normalization” conversation, too.

TT: It does. One of our taglines is, “Drink your cannabis.” Our founder, about 10 years ago, started telling people that the two major forms of human interaction over the development of our history had been smoking and drinking. Everyone, in 2010, was focusing on the smoking aspect. He wanted to solve the drinking segment. He thought that would be a really interesting way to go about this, and a way for it to be normalized. His 94-year-old grandmother was one of the first people who ever tried one of his original Keef Colas. She took a sip, and she said, “Is this cannabis?” She took a sip and looked at her husband and said, “You just said I couldn’t smoke it.” And then she took another sip.

It was like a company genesis story that really helped us focus in on what we were trying to accomplish. And it’s taken longer, I think, than anybody ever plans—and most things do. There have been a couple of false starts on the anointing of beverages as the next big thing. But I think what we’re seeing is a solid acceptance from the mainstream audience of at least trying it and understanding, “What are some of the benefits? What are some of the things that they need to consider?” And that’s really all we can ask for.

ES: How does tourism fit into this? Meaning, when folks visit Denver or LA, it would seem like beverages offer a more discreet, casual way to check out this new market without buying a bunch of flower for a weekend trip.

TT: We’ve gotten that feedback from numerous people who have come from in from out of state. When we’ve gone into other states, they said, “Oh, I’ve been to Colorado. I’ve had your brand in Colorado. This is great. We love that you guys are here.” It’s a great alternative to just the traditional methods of consuming cannabis. One of the things that we’ve really tried to focus on over the past few years is making sure that we’ve got the right quality controls in place so that the Keef that you have in LA tastes the same as a Keef that you have in Maine.

ES: What’s next for Keef Brands this year?

TT: Our two key focuses this year are that we wanted to accelerate the velocity and go deeper with our product lines in our existing markets—specifically in Colorado—and really work toward normalizing a purchase of a four-pack versus just a single can. By and large, it’s been very well received, and we’re able to do some volume discussions and have it be normal. It’s like a grocery store or a liquor store experience. That’s thanks to the adoption and the acceptance of the general public.

And in Q1, like I said earlier, we launched in three new markets. We were very heads-down. Our next launch will be with Canada. Our partner there is gearing up. We think we’ll be on the market if not by the end of Q2, early Q3. That’s a really big focus of ours. We’re also looking at the new states that are coming online. Generally, I would say we’re looking toward expanding some more states over the course of the next six months.

ES: As far as those partners on the ground, what are the traits you’re looking for?

TT: I’ll use Buckeye Relief in Ohio as an example. We do our homework, and we speak with other brands. We actually co-located with Wana Brands in a couple of different facilities, and they had nothing but good things to say about the Buckeye Relief team. We were able to confirm that in every one of our interactions. When you’re in cannabis, every manufacturing relationship has unique pieces to it because every state is different. But the core qualities are, transparency, a desire to continually improve the product and a commitment to consistency. Those are the key aspects of this, and Buckeye has been great in that regard.

Bright Green Corp. to Build $300M High-Tech Cannabis Manufacturing and Research Facility in New Mexico

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Following New York legalizing adult-use cannabis in March, one university is already working to meet the growing demand for qualified and educated professionals in the emerging industry.

University College at Syracuse University, the academic college of continuing education and professional studies, has partnered with Green Flower, a cannabis education association, to offer four programs where individuals can receive non-credit certificates in Cannabis Education.

The four programs are: Healthcare and Medicine, Cannabis Law and Policy, The Business of Cannabis, and Cannabis Agriculture and Horticulture. Each course is six months and includes three eight-week online classes.

Individuals do not have to be a student at Syracuse to enroll in the course. University College Dean Michael Frasciello said the university expects the primary student population to be individuals already in the industry looking to upskill and further educate themselves or people looking to enter the industry. However, he suspects that more university students will show interest in the programs over time as the cannabis industry continues to expand.

Frasciello gives a general overview of each program:

The Cannabis Law and Policy program will cover business practices, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulation, future opportunities in related career fields, intellectual property, social equity, labor law, environmental law and consumer law, including advertising, labeling and packaging, he said.

“What we expect that we’ll see interest in this program from lawyers who are practicing but want to build expertise in this area within their practice,” he said. “Certainly, paralegals, or others in specific areas of the industry like advertising, labeling and packaging, that need to have a [better] grounding in some of the legal and policy aspects of it.”

The Business of Cannabis program will cover a wide range of topics, from business to the fundamentals of cultivation. Some cultivation topics include processing, extraction, manufacturing, lab setup and protocols and distribution. While the business side covers retail, delivery, licensing, business ethics, marketing, human resources, sales, accounting, how to scale business operations, real estate, innovation, investment and more, he said.

“The interesting thing I think about this program is that students create a business portfolio,” he said. “Basically, the portfolio is [students] set up [their] own company and create a very high-level business plan. They will look at risk analysis, operations, project management and lots of case studies.”

The Health and Medicine program is specific to understanding medical cannabis properties, he said. The course will cover human physiology, health care ethics and law, the use of cannabis in health care practices for practitioners and more. 

“Similar to where the business program has the portfolio, in this program, students [will be] partnered with integrated medical centers in the areas where they’re located or facilities to learn more about dosing, titration, administration—sort of drug interactions,” he said. “So, it [covers] some interactions that [they may] need to be aware of from a pharmacological perspective.”

The Agriculture and Horticulture program is the most “straightforward” of the four programs, he said. 

Students run through how to engage in production effectively and sustainably, which includes management cultivation as well as statutory and administrative laws.

Similar to the other programs, Agriculture and Horticulture is also project-based, and students will be required to do case studies specific to their state on local jurisdiction for cultivation, he said.

“There is a chemistry or scientific component to the program [as well],” he said. “Students will cover plant chemistry, disease and threats, techniques and processes for harvesting and drying, trimming and processing, storage, and there’s a module on industrial hemp again. So, we are trying to attend to all of the opportunities within the industry.”

Frasciello added, “Our decision to make this a non-credit as opposed to a credit program is that the non-credit program allows us to customize better [the program] to meet workforce demand. When you attach a credit to something, there’s a lot of governance on the backend that has to come into play, and we felt that with the non-credit certificate, we could be more agile and responsive to the demand and interest as it increases.”

Essentially, the non-credit aspect gives the university the freedom to make changes to the curriculum as the industry evolves.

“There were some folks on my team that had the foresight to identify that the cannabis industry is one of the fastest-growing industries in the country,” he said. “Then we determined that we probably should be moving into space with a continuing education program, which is where Green Flower came in.”

Green Flower faculty members with years of experience in different aspects of the cannabis industry designed and developed the curriculum. The university worked with them to ensure that the curriculum aligned with the “tenets of rigor and excellence” that the university is known for in the online space, Frasciello said.

Professional instructors from Green Flower who are currently in the industry will be teaching the curriculum, which is essential to the university, as these individuals can teach from experience. 

While the university was working with Green Flower last fall to get the curriculum approved, the state began to send strong signals that legalization would likely happen in the spring, Frasciello said. “It just aligned really nicely that we were able to get everything approved within the university through our governance process, and then the state announced [legalization],” he said. 

Enrollment is currently open and all courses begin on June 28. Ever since the university released its first press release about it in April, the response has been great, he said. About half a dozen individuals have enrolled in the program and roughly 10 to 14 have inquired about it. 

Designing a program like this to educate individuals on the cannabis industry and prepare them for jobs in the field is essential, Frasciello said, especially as New York and neighboring states move to legalize cannabis. 

“Our mission here is to prepare individuals for success in whatever industry that they’re currently in or the industry or career that they want to move into—that’s our whole purpose here,” he said. “So, it was important for us to move into this opportunity because we want to be able to ensure that there are individuals in the industry who are informed, smart, capable, responsible and good practitioners.” 

The War on Drugs Has Been ‘an Absolute Failure of the Highest Order’: Q&A With Pennsylvania Lt. Gov. John Fetterman

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Following New York legalizing adult-use cannabis in March, one university is already working to meet the growing demand for qualified and educated professionals in the emerging industry.

University College at Syracuse University, the academic college of continuing education and professional studies, has partnered with Green Flower, a cannabis education association, to offer four programs where individuals can receive non-credit certificates in Cannabis Education.

The four programs are: Healthcare and Medicine, Cannabis Law and Policy, The Business of Cannabis, and Cannabis Agriculture and Horticulture. Each course is six months and includes three eight-week online classes.

Individuals do not have to be a student at Syracuse to enroll in the course. University College Dean Michael Frasciello said the university expects the primary student population to be individuals already in the industry looking to upskill and further educate themselves or people looking to enter the industry. However, he suspects that more university students will show interest in the programs over time as the cannabis industry continues to expand.

Frasciello gives a general overview of each program:

The Cannabis Law and Policy program will cover business practices, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulation, future opportunities in related career fields, intellectual property, social equity, labor law, environmental law and consumer law, including advertising, labeling and packaging, he said.

“What we expect that we’ll see interest in this program from lawyers who are practicing but want to build expertise in this area within their practice,” he said. “Certainly, paralegals, or others in specific areas of the industry like advertising, labeling and packaging, that need to have a [better] grounding in some of the legal and policy aspects of it.”

The Business of Cannabis program will cover a wide range of topics, from business to the fundamentals of cultivation. Some cultivation topics include processing, extraction, manufacturing, lab setup and protocols and distribution. While the business side covers retail, delivery, licensing, business ethics, marketing, human resources, sales, accounting, how to scale business operations, real estate, innovation, investment and more, he said.

“The interesting thing I think about this program is that students create a business portfolio,” he said. “Basically, the portfolio is [students] set up [their] own company and create a very high-level business plan. They will look at risk analysis, operations, project management and lots of case studies.”

The Health and Medicine program is specific to understanding medical cannabis properties, he said. The course will cover human physiology, health care ethics and law, the use of cannabis in health care practices for practitioners and more. 

“Similar to where the business program has the portfolio, in this program, students [will be] partnered with integrated medical centers in the areas where they’re located or facilities to learn more about dosing, titration, administration—sort of drug interactions,” he said. “So, it [covers] some interactions that [they may] need to be aware of from a pharmacological perspective.”

The Agriculture and Horticulture program is the most “straightforward” of the four programs, he said. 

Students run through how to engage in production effectively and sustainably, which includes management cultivation as well as statutory and administrative laws.

Similar to the other programs, Agriculture and Horticulture is also project-based, and students will be required to do case studies specific to their state on local jurisdiction for cultivation, he said.

“There is a chemistry or scientific component to the program [as well],” he said. “Students will cover plant chemistry, disease and threats, techniques and processes for harvesting and drying, trimming and processing, storage, and there’s a module on industrial hemp again. So, we are trying to attend to all of the opportunities within the industry.”

Frasciello added, “Our decision to make this a non-credit as opposed to a credit program is that the non-credit program allows us to customize better [the program] to meet workforce demand. When you attach a credit to something, there’s a lot of governance on the backend that has to come into play, and we felt that with the non-credit certificate, we could be more agile and responsive to the demand and interest as it increases.”

Essentially, the non-credit aspect gives the university the freedom to make changes to the curriculum as the industry evolves.

“There were some folks on my team that had the foresight to identify that the cannabis industry is one of the fastest-growing industries in the country,” he said. “Then we determined that we probably should be moving into space with a continuing education program, which is where Green Flower came in.”

Green Flower faculty members with years of experience in different aspects of the cannabis industry designed and developed the curriculum. The university worked with them to ensure that the curriculum aligned with the “tenets of rigor and excellence” that the university is known for in the online space, Frasciello said.

Professional instructors from Green Flower who are currently in the industry will be teaching the curriculum, which is essential to the university, as these individuals can teach from experience. 

While the university was working with Green Flower last fall to get the curriculum approved, the state began to send strong signals that legalization would likely happen in the spring, Frasciello said. “It just aligned really nicely that we were able to get everything approved within the university through our governance process, and then the state announced [legalization],” he said. 

Enrollment is currently open and all courses begin on June 28. Ever since the university released its first press release about it in April, the response has been great, he said. About half a dozen individuals have enrolled in the program and roughly 10 to 14 have inquired about it. 

Designing a program like this to educate individuals on the cannabis industry and prepare them for jobs in the field is essential, Frasciello said, especially as New York and neighboring states move to legalize cannabis. 

“Our mission here is to prepare individuals for success in whatever industry that they’re currently in or the industry or career that they want to move into—that’s our whole purpose here,” he said. “So, it was important for us to move into this opportunity because we want to be able to ensure that there are individuals in the industry who are informed, smart, capable, responsible and good practitioners.” 

Can high CBD strains be identified by appearance alone?

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It is known that leaf width and length can be used to determine if a strain is dominating Sativa or Indica. That being said, general wisdom assumes that looks can be deceptive when trying to determine certain characteristics of cannabis strains. But are they?

A groundbreaking study by the American Society for Horticultural Science in February 2021 found that various morphological traits were highly correlated with high cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) strains. In the study, morphological traits in 21 unique varieties were monitored at three stages: vegetative, flowering, harvest and inflorescence.

The study found a positive correlation between high THC and leaf width / length ratio in the 21 strains, while high levels of CBD correlated positively with the number of tines on the central package insert, the number of package inserts, and the average length of the central package insert [1].

“The traits that were positively correlated with THC were all negatively correlated with CBD, with the absolute values ​​of the correlations being similar and vice versa,” the study said [1]. What does it all mean?

The researchers have another tool to potentially identify the CBD / THC concentrations in strains prior to an in-depth laboratory analysis. However, it is unclear how this will help the average consumer.

References:

  1. Jin, Dan, Philippe Henry, Jacqueline Shan, and Jie Chen. “Identification of Phenotypic Traits in Three Chemotype Categories in the Cannabis Genus”. HortScience horts 56.4 (2021): 481-490. . Network. May 13th. 2021.

Photo courtesy of Unsplash

What we need to learn about CBG

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Medical cannabis is now legal in 36 states and South Dakota bet on joining in July the number will be 37 and count. As a result, cannabinoids as the basis of cannabis as a medicine are receiving increasing attention. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) have long been the focus. Now scientists are paying more attention to lesser-known cannabinoids, and cannabigerol (CBG) is now to be in the spotlight.

A recent study published in Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics highlighted some important things we need to learn about CBG in the context of its therapeutic potential. [1]

Below is a breakdown of the same.

How does CBG come about?

CBGA, the acidic form of CBG, is a precursor molecule for most cannabinoids. As a result, it is found in tiny amounts in raw cannabis.

Olivetolic acid and geranyl pyrophosphate normally form cannabigerolic acid (CBGA). Decarboxylation (when exposed to heat) converts CBGA into CBG.

How does CBG work?

The study found that CBG has close similarities to THC and CBD in its interaction with the endocannabinoid receptors. However, it has unique interactions with serotonin and adrenergic receptors. [1]

CBG acts similarly to Δ9-THC on the cannabinoid receptors (CB1 & CB2). However, it shows an affinity that is 5-27 times lower at both receptors. A Human Cell Culture Study showed negligible activity at both receptors. [2] Therefore, more in vivo research is needed to elucidate the true interaction of CBG with these receptors.

CBG’s activity on TRP channels compare with that of CBD, but with a slight difference in affinity. [3] These are TRPA1, TRPV1 and TRPV2. TRPV3, TRPV4 and TRPM8.

What is the therapeutic significance of CBG?

This is the whole point, and it appears that CBG has great promise in this area. The researchers highlighted four potential benefits of CBG that require further study.

  1. Neuroprotection and neuromodulation that can be used to reduce the severity of neurological conditions including Parkinson’s and Huntington’s diseases.
  2. A therapeutic agent for GI diseases such as colon cancer and colitis. This has been demonstrated in mouse models.
  3. Play a potential role in multifactorial pharmacotherapy for the components of metabolic syndrome
  4. Antibacterial activity against antibiotic-resistant strains such as Staph aureus

CBG shows promise as a therapeutic molecule and more research is needed to determine its safety and effectiveness.

Image source

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cannabigerol.png

References

1. Rahul Nachnani et al. (2021). Potential clinical applications of CBG. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 376 (2), pp. 204-212

2. Granja, AG et al. (2012). A cannabis olquinone alleviates neuroinflammation in a chronic model of multiple sclerosis. Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology: the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology, 7th(4), 1002-1016.

3. Muller C, et al. (2019). Cannabinoid Ligands Targeting TRP Channels. Front Mol Neurosci 11:48.